Aids Treatments

Helps is one of the most undermining ailment which is affecting the lives of numerous individuals around the world, in addition to the most surprising actuality is that it is affecting individuals and spreading at an exponential rate and as open mindfulness programs center around it The most upsetting reality is that as the quantity of cases twofold a fixes not in sight nor an immunization has been created and Aids is as yet a serious condition.The human immunodeficiency infection has an immediate and a deadly on life, at its very center, the transmission happens chiefly through blood, semen and â€Å"vaginal liquid other organic liquids, similar to the spit, contain extremely low a convergence of the infection to be perilous Both blood and semen imply life and likely life in a solid way.† (Paskin, 1994)AIDS is the most extreme stage, of the contamination with what we know as the AIDS infection. Helps is additionally commonly acknowledged as a disorder, an assortment of explic it, hazardous and perilous signs that is because of a basic invulnerable lack, an inadequacy not brought about by any known conditions and ailments other than contamination with the AIDS virus.It devastates the body's ability to avert microbes and infections that would customarily be warded off by an appropriately working safe framework, and it is the sicknesses, the deft contaminations, brought about by these outside operators that in the long run murder the person in question; or, demise results from a type of malignancy, Kaposi's sarcoma, that is undeniably more forceful in AIDS patients than among the individuals who don't experience the ill effects of AIDS.Thus, one can say that AIDS executed the individual, since the option of the ‘S’ characterizes a condition: the assortment of illnesses and side effects that came about because of the debilitated safe system.Putting it another way, one can say that the â€Å"AIDS infection itself doesn't slaughter, nor does it b y and large reason the different ailments related with the condition; the greater part of the heartbreaking occasions are basically the consequence of the harm to the safe system.† (Elli, 1992)The treatment of HIV-related immunological and neurological malady includes the control of HIV replication by explicit enemy of viral medications, boosting the host's own insusceptible reaction to HIV, hosing down any conceivably destructive aftereffects of the resistant reaction, and reconstituting the deficient cell-interceded immunity.Thus, an expansive scope of approaches are being attempted. This here and there mirrors the vulnerability with respect to the pathogenesis of this disease. The administration of the particular go getter contaminations and tumors that emerge as a result of the immunodeficiency are shrouded in Chapter 4.Here, we will concentrate on the treatment of the basic HIV disease. A definitive objective for the HIV-tainted individual would be the destruction of HIV contamination. Nonetheless, this is probably not going to be accomplished as the infection incorporates into the host chromosome, and along these lines every contaminated cell would need to be removed.This might be conceivable in sustainable tissue, for example, lymphoid cells, yet not inside the sensory system, where cells can't be supplanted. Notwithstanding, if the infection could be smothered to the level where it isn't harming the host or proceeding to taint new cells, at that point the malady procedure might be halted.The infection can possibly be repressed in three different ways: (1) by forestalling official or combination to the objective cell; (2) by restraining replication and discharge; and (3) by inciting non-infective particlesDespite numerous general wellbeing endeavors and projects for the consciousness of the ailment around the world it is still observed that in many immature nations Aids mindfulness programs don't work and individuals are as yet reveling into acts like prostitution and hazardous sexual activities.So along these lines to address this issue governments in these nations have led numerous wellbeing projects, for example, making individuals mindful about the impacts of the sickness andâ raising progressively instructive meetings for individuals reveling into practices which are a fundamental source in spreading this virus.Now governments around the universes are subsidizing ventures which are identified with the illness so the individuals everywhere don't get influenced by the disease.These general wellbeing endeavors far and wide particularly in Asian and African nations has prompted individuals getting increasingly mindful of the risks of the guides plague and in view of these wellbeing mindfulness programs individuals to not enjoy into unprotected sexual behavior.Works CitedPaskin, J. M. HIV and AIDS. Distributer: Bios Scientific Publishers. Spot of Publication: Oxford, England. Distribution Year: 1994.Elli, Ottoman. HIV Infe ction and Intravenous Drug Use. Distributer: Praeger Publishers. Spot of Publication: Westport, CT. Distribution Year: 1992

The Biography of Florence Nightingale Essay Example

The Biography of Florence Nightingale Paper Florence Nightingale helped make emergency clinics cleaner and progressively proficient, she helped make nursing a significant, regarded calling, and helped change her general surroundings into a superior, all the more mindful spot. OK prefer to be in a messy, foul emergency clinic with insects and rodents? Okay need to have a medical attendant consideration for you who thinks nothing about infections or nursing? Well that’s the manner in which it would beif it wasn’t for a lady pioneer set out to improve clinic conditions. That lady was Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale was conceived on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. She was named after the city that she was conceived in. Her mom adored mirth, and Florence, Italy had the notoriety of being the gayest city in Europe. Florence had a sister named Parthenope who was brought into the world one year preceding Florence’s birth. She was conceived in Naples, Italy. Parthenope was likewise named after the city she was conceived in. Parthenope is Greek for Naples. Florence and Parthenope were only sometimes called by their complete names. Florence was called Flo, and Parthenope was called Parthe or simply Pop. Florence and Parthenope’s guardians were Fanny and William Nightingale. They were both from England. Her dad was a Unitarian and a Whig who was engaged with the abolitionist subjugation development. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Biography of Florence Nightingale explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Biography of Florence Nightingale explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Biography of Florence Nightingale explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer As a kid, Florence was exceptionally near her dad, who without a child, regarded her as his companion and friend. Florences mother, Fanny Nightingale, likewise originated from a Unitarian family. Both Florence and Parthenope were conceived while they were in the midst of a get-away in Italy. The Nightingales were a rich and well off family. Flo and Pop grew up with a favored youth. They had numerous nurseries to play in, horses to ride, and various felines, pooches, and flying creatures to deal with. They lived in a huge house in a town called Derbyshire, close to London. They called it Embley Park. They likewise had a late spring home that they called Lea Hurst. Indeed, even with the entirety of this, Flo was distraught. Flo was not a common youngster. She was not devious like each other kid. Rather, she was enthusiastic, adoring, solid headed, and hopeless. She ached for compassion. She was an extremely obscure kid. Florence believed that she dislike others. She was frightened that other youngsters may find her mystery. Florence was troubled carrying on with the rich life that she was. She was consistently in discontent. To escape from this, she wandered off in fantasy land constantly. Florence was really similar to her mom. She had a clear and dynamic creative mind. She would stare off into space constantly. She envisioned herself as a beast and as an incredible courageous woman. Flo and Pop were instructed by their dad. Their training was intensive and old style. Florence was keen, and was particularly acceptable at math. Other than the way that she wanted to stare off into space, Florence wanted to compose. She was continually writing in her journal. At the point when her journal was not with her, she composed on little pieces of papers or anything that she could get her hands on to record her musings! On February 7, 1837, when Florence was 17, she composed, God addressed me and called me to His administration. She had no clue what this administration may be. God’s call to her was uncertain, however she knew that she was to accomplish something. Numerous men preferred Florence, and the man that she enjoyed had requested that her wed him. She turned him down, as she did numerous others, since she would not like to carry on with her life like her mom experienced hers. If she somehow managed to wed that man, she would have needed to invest her energy making society and masterminding local things. Her mom was angry with her choice to turn him down. She was continually searching for a spouse for Flo. Right off the bat in her life, Florence realized that she was not a customary individual. She needed to accomplish something that would have any kind of effect. During the 1840s, individuals in England were eager. It was a tough time for them. Jails and clinics were stuffed and grimy. During this time, Florence carried food to the ravenous, medication to the debilitated, and dress to the cold and stripped. In 1844 Florence was twenty four years of age. She concluded that her calling was to work in an emergency clinic. She was to help others by being a medical caretaker. She wrote in her journal that it was God’s work for me. At the point when Florence disclosed to her folks her arrangements to turn into a medical attendant, they were frightened in light of the fact that nursing was related with regular workers ladies. They would not let Florence do her calling. Medical clinics at that point were grimy and rank. To remember their agony, numerous patients drank bourbon. A portion of the medical attendants drank bourbon alongside the harmed and wiped out fighters. The medical attendants then didn’t think a lot about sickness. There were near no hirelings to cook and clean the medical clinics. Since her folks didn’t affirm of her arrangements, Florence was crushed. She became discouraged on the grounds that she was unable to do what God needed her to do. She scarcely rested. She shed pounds. On December 5, 1845, in her journal, Florence composed, I am residue and nothing†¦This morning I felt my spirit would die in tears. Florence turned out to be wiped out. In the entirety of this Florence was resolved to complete God’s wish and didn’t surrender trust. In 1849 her folks permitted her to travel to another country and study the European emergency clinic framework. In 1850 she started preparing in nursing at the Institute of Saint Vincent de Paul in Alexandria, Egypt. In June of the year 1851 Florence’s guardians permitted her to go to nursing school. She was thirty one years of age, and she was at long last doing her calling. The school that she went to get the hang of nursing was in Kaiserswerth, Germany. It was known as the Institute for Protestant Deaconesses. She was en route to satisfying God’s will for her. Right off the bat in the year 1853 Florence went to Paris, France. She visited emergency clinics and watched specialists at work with the goal that she could learn direct what it resembled and what she should do. Late that equivalent year Florence was made the director of The Institution for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen. It was only a little women’s emergency clinic in London, yet a major advance for Florence. Florence constantly verified that the clinics were perfect, and she permitted anyone to go to the emergency clinic that required consideration, not simply the individuals from the Church of England. Britain joined the Crimean was against Russia in 1854. There were insufficient medical clinic beds or specialists for the harmed and debilitated troopers. On October 15, 1854, the Secretary At War requested that Florence Nightingale pick a gathering of medical caretakers and take them to Crimea to help with the wiped out and injured warriors. Florence was glad to take on the undertaking and inside multi week, Florence and her armada of thirty eight medical caretakers were on their way. At the point when Florence showed up in Scutari, Turkey, she was stunned. She had at no other time seen such an unkempt emergency clinic. The emergency clinic was amassing with bugs, and rodents were dashing all over the place. Since there were insufficient beds to oblige the entirety of the harmed and wiped out fighters, they were arranged in the beds and on the floor. The men were kept in rooms without covers or good food. The troopers stayed unwashed and still in their filthy, wicked outfits. In these conditions, it was not astounding that in armed force emergency clinics, war wounds just represented one passing in six. Ailments, for example, typhus, cholera and looseness of the bowels were the primary reasons why the demise rate was so high among injured warriors. Military officials and specialists protested Nightingales sees on improving military emergency clinics. They deciphered her remarks as an assault on them, and she was caused to feel unwanted. Florence got next to no assistance from the military until she utilized her contacts at The Times to report subtleties of the way that the British Army treated its injured warriors. Songbird was given the assignment of sorting out the dormitory emergency clinic after the clash of Anchorman. Florence and different medical attendants cleaned the emergency clinic, arranged better food, and thought about the wiped out. They turned the clinic around, and they even fabricated another. Florence thought about the injured fighters so much that consistently she conveyed a lamp and strolled from bed to bed for a considerable length of time. She needed to ensure the fighters were agreeable. Along these lines, the warriors began considering Florence The Lady with the Lamp. They generally anticipated her visits. As she passed their beds, and her shadow fell over the dividers, a few officers connected with kiss it. They were grateful that Florence had come to support them. As a result of Florence and different attendants, the death rate among the wiped out and the injured was enormously diminished. Now and then, Florence worked straight during that time and didn’t rest. She endeavored to fulfill others. Due to every last bit of her difficult work, she became wiped out herself in May, 1855. She was close to death for about fourteen days. Luckily, inside a couple of months she recuperated and had returned to work. The individuals back in England were extremely pleased with Florence. In a letter that Parthenope kept in touch with Florence, she stated, The individuals love you. Sonnets and tunes were expounded on her. Infants were named Florence in her respect. Cash was gathered for a store called the Nightingale Fund. A ton of the cash was given by appreciative officers. Afterward, Florence utilized the cash to set up a school for medical caretakers. In March, 1856 the Crimean War finished, and Florence could get back. A procession and numerous different festivals were gotten ready for her arrival to respect her. Since such a large number of individuals had kicked the bucket in the war, Florence didn’t want to celebrate. She got back home discreetly and rejected t

Overview of Personal Construct Theory

Overview of Personal Construct Theory Theories Personality Psychology Print Personal Construct Theory Overview By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 29, 2019 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Personal construct theory suggests that people develop personal constructs about how the world works. People then use these constructs to make sense of their observations and experiences. The world we live in is the same for all of us, but the way we experience it is different for each individual. For example, imagine that you and your friend are going for a walk in the park and you spot a large brown dog. You immediately see a graceful and adorable animal that you would like to pet. Your friend, on the other hand, sees a threatening animal that she wants to avoid. How can two people have such a different interpretation of the same event? According to psychologist George Kelly, personality is composed of the various mental constructs through which each person views reality. Kelly believed that each person was much like a scientist. Just like scientists, we want to understand the world around us, make predictions about what will happen next, and create theories to explain events. How Exactly Does Personal Construct Theory Work? Kelly believed that we start by first developing a set of personal constructs, which are essentially mental representations that we use to interpret events. These constructs are based on our experiences and observations. During the early 1950s, the behavioral and psychoanalytic perspectives were still quite dominant in psychology. Kelly proposed his personal construct theory as an alternative view that departed from these two prominent points of view. Rather than viewing human beings as passive subjects who were at the whims of the associations, reinforcements, and punishments they encountered in their environments (behaviorism) or their unconscious wishes and childhood experiences (psychoanalysis), Kelly believed that people take an active role in how they collect and interpret knowledge. “Behavior is not the answer to the psychologist’s question; it is the question,” he suggested. As we live our lives, we perform experiments that put our beliefs, perceptions, and interpretations to the test. If our experiments work, they strengthen our current beliefs. When they dont, we are able to change our views. What makes these constructs so important? Because according to Kelly, we experience the world through the lens of our constructs. These constructs are used to predict and anticipate events, which in turn determines our behaviors, feelings, and thoughts. Kelly also believed that all events that happen are open to multiple interpretations, which he referred to as constructive alternativism. When we are trying to make sense of an event or situation, he suggested that we are also able to pick and choose which construct we want to use. This sometimes happens as an event unfolds, but we can also reflect back on our experiences and then choose to view them in different ways. How Do We Use Constructs? Kelly believed that the process of using constructs works in much the same way that a scientist utilizes a theory. First, we begin by hypothesizing that a particular construct will apply to a particular event. We then test this hypothesis by applying the construct and predicting the outcome. If our prediction is correct, then we know that the construct is useful in this situation and we retain it for future use. But what happens if our predictions dont come true? We might reconsider how and when we apply the construct, we might alter the construct, or we might decide to abandon the construct altogether. Recurrences play an important role in personal construct theory. Constructs emerge because they reflect things that frequently recur in our experience. Kelly also believed that constructs tend to be organized in a hierarchical fashion. For example, more basic constructs might lie and the base of the hierarchy, while more complex and abstract constructs lie can be found at higher levels. Kelly also believed that constructs are bipolar; essentially, each construct consists of a pair of two opposing sides. Some examples include active versus passive, stable versus changing, and friendly versus unfriendly. The side that a person applies to an event is known as the emergent pole. The side that is not being actively applied is the implicit pole. It is essential to remember the emphasis on individuality in personal construct theory. Constructs are inherently personal because they are based on each persons life experiences. Each persons system of constructs is unique, and it is the individual nature of these experiences that form the differences between people. Observations Might not the individual man, each in his own personal way, assume more of the stature of a scientist, ever seeking to predict and control the course of events with which he is involved? Would he not have his theories, test his hypotheses, and weigh his experimental evidence? And, if so, might not the differences between the personal viewpoints of different men correspond to the differences between the theoretical points of view of different scientists?(Kelly, 1963)Kelly believed that people have a fundamental need to predict the events that they experience. They do so by developing a system of personal constructs, which they use to interpret or construe new events. Constructs are derived from recurring elements in ones experience, but because theyre developed separately by each person, each persons system of constructs is unique.(Carver Scheier, 2000) George Kelly and Personal Construct Theory

The Original Jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court

While the vast majority of cases considered by the U.S. Supreme Court come to it in the form of an appeal to a decision by one of the lower federal or state appeals courts, a few but important categories of cases can be taken directly to the Supreme Court under its â€Å"original jurisdiction.† Original jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear and decide a case before it has been heard and decided by any lower court. In other words, it is a court’s power to hear and decide a case before any appellate review. The Fastest Track to the Supreme Court As originally defined in Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, and now codified in federal law at 28 U.S.C.  § 1251. Section 1251(a), the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over four categories of cases, meaning parties involved in these types of cases can take them directly to the Supreme Court, thus bypassing the usually lengthy appeals court process. In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress made the Supreme Courts original jurisdiction exclusive in suits between two or more states, between a state and a foreign government, and in suits against ambassadors and other public ministers. Today, it is assumed that the Supreme Courts jurisdiction over other types of suits involving the states was to be concurrent or shared, with the state courts. The categories of cases falling under the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction are: Controversies between two or more states;All actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties;All controversies between the United States and a state; andAll actions or proceedings by a state against the citizens of another state or against aliens. In cases involving controversies between states, federal law gives the Supreme Court both original—and â€Å"exclusive†Ã¢â‚¬â€jurisdiction, meaning such cases may be heard only by the Supreme Court.   In its 1794 decision in the case of Chisholm v. Georgia, the Supreme Court stirred controversy when it ruled that Article III granted it original jurisdiction over suits against a state by a citizen of another state. Both Congress and the states immediately saw this as a threat to the sovereignty of the states and reacted by adopting the Eleventh Amendment, which states: â€Å"The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.†Ã‚   Marbury v. Madison: An Early Test An important aspect of the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction is that its Congress cannot expand its scope. This was established in the bizarre â€Å"Midnight Judges† incident, which led to the Court’s ruling in the landmark 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison. In February 1801, newly elected President, Thomas Jefferson — an Anti-Federalist — ordered his acting Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver commissions for appointments for 16 new federal judges who had been made by his Federalist Party predecessor, President John Adams. One of the snubbed appointees, William Marbury, filed a petition for a writ of mandamus directly in the Supreme Court, on the jurisdictional grounds that the Judiciary Act of 1789 stated that the Supreme Court shall have power to issue †¦ writs of mandamus ... to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States.† In its first use of its power of judicial review over acts of Congress, the Supreme Court ruled that by expanding the scope of the Court’s original jurisdiction to include cases involving presidential appointments to the federal courts, Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority.  Ã‚   Few, but Important Cases Of the three ways in which cases may reach the Supreme Court (appeals from lower courts, appeals from state supreme courts, and original jurisdiction), by far the fewest cases are considered under the Court’s original jurisdiction. On average, only two to three of the nearly 100 cases heard annually by the Supreme Court are considered under original jurisdiction. However, many are still important cases. Most original jurisdiction cases involve border or water rights disputes between two or more states, meaning they can only be resolved by the Supreme Court. For example, the now famous original jurisdiction case of Kansas v. Nebraska and Colorado involving the rights of the three states to use the waters of the Republican River was first placed on the Court’s docket in 1998 and was not decided until 2015.   Other major original jurisdiction might involve lawsuits filed by a state government against a citizen of another state. In the landmark 1966 case of South Carolina v. Katzenbach, for example, South Carolina challenged the constitutionality of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 by suing U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, a citizen of another state at the time. In its majority opinion written by revered Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court rejected South Carolina’s challenge finding that the Voting Rights Act was a valid exercise of Congress power under the enforcement clause of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Original Jurisdiction Cases and Special Masters’ The Supreme Court deals differently with cases considered under its original jurisdiction than those reaching it through its more traditional â€Å"appellate jurisdiction.† In original jurisdiction cases dealing with disputed interpretations of the law or the U.S. Constitution, the Court itself will usually hear traditional oral arguments by attorneys on the case. However, in cases dealing with disputed physical facts or actions, as often happens because they have not been heard by a trial court, the Supreme Court usually appoints a â€Å"special master† to the case. The special master—usually an attorney retained by the Court—conducts what amounts to a trial by gathering evidence, taking sworn testimony and making a ruling. The special master then submits a Special Master Report to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court then considers the special master’s ruling in the same manner as a regular federal appeals court would, rather than conducting its own trial. Next, the Supreme Court decides whether to accept the special master’s report or to hear arguments over the disagreements with the special master’s report. Finally, the Supreme Court decides the case by voting in its traditional manner, along with written statements of concurrence and dissent. Original Jurisdiction Cases Can Take Years to Decide While most cases that reach the Supreme Court on appeal from lower courts are heard and ruled on within a year after being accepted, original jurisdiction cases assigned to a special master can take months, even years to settle. The special master must basically â€Å"start from scratch† in handling the case. Volumes of pre-existing briefs and legal pleadings by both parties must be read and considered by the master. The master may also need to hold hearings in which arguments by the lawyers, evidence, and witness testimony may be presented. This process results in thousands of pages of records and transcripts that must be compiled, prepared and weighed by the special master. For example, the original jurisdiction case of Kansas v. Nebraska and Colorado involving disputed rights to water from the Republican River was accepted by the Supreme Court in 1999. Four reports from two different special masters later, the Supreme Court finally ruled on the case 16 years later in 2015. Thankfully, the people of Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado had other sources of water.

Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Popular Mechanics - 1341 Words

â€Å"Communication is key,† is a statement that people hear more than once in their lifetime. Whether they choose to understand it or not, it’s something that they will always hear. But if communication is really key why do people choose to hide away the key and keep their door locked? Every relationship has it up and downs. There is no couple who can say that their relationship is perfect, everyone runs into a few bumps in the road. It seems like they only want sunshine and rainbows in a relationship and don’t want to endure the storms that may come along. People just have to hang in there and learn how work through their issues. In Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Popular Mechanics†, the social issue of communication in relationships is brought up. Communication is important in relationships because it is the key to success. Poor communication can bring up many issues in a relationship like unnecessary arguments, unhappiness and in worse case scenarios se paration. It’s shocking to see people who actually believe that they can solve their problems by avoiding them. If he or she doesn’t speak up and tell their significant other that something is bothering them or that they are hurt or upset then how are they supposed it fix it? People are quick to say that their partner should know when something is wrong, but they have to remember that nobody is a mind reader. The art of a relationship requires communication. That means that people have to learn to express what is going on in their heartsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Popular Mechanics 1194 Words   |  5 PagesRaymond Carver’s very short story, â€Å"Popular Mechanics† is seemingly set on the east coast or somewhere that experiences cold, wintery weather. Early on it foreshadows the potential of something bad or sad happening as it is dark inside. The couple in the story seems to be experiencing a bit of disagreement as they are separating and the male character gathers his belongings in preparation to leave. Unfortunately, their child was placed in the midst of the split as it is with almost all divorces betweenRead MorePopular Mechanics By Raymond Carver : Lesson Plan Of Questioning1628 Words   |  7 Pagesframe of mind. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2fWZHaNugc Input- Teacher Directed Lesson (12.00 minutes) The teacher (Aide) will read a short story to explicitly communicate to the student the concept of questioning while reading Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver ________________________________________ Early that day the weather turned and the snow was melting into dirty water. Streaks of it ran down from the little shoulder-high window that faced the backyard. Cars slushed by on the streetRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesJamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the

Creation of a pop video or short film lasting approximately 5 minutes Free Essays

string(77) " to keep up with the pace of song and to keep the viewer from getting bored\." Our brief this year was to create a pop video or short film lasting approximately 5 minutes. The AS brief was to create billboards or posters about health. They differ in that one concentrates on moving image where the other concentrates on print. We will write a custom essay sample on Creation of a pop video or short film lasting approximately 5 minutes or any similar topic only for you Order Now However they both require strong visual images that provoke thought. New skills I have developed in creating a pop video are, how to create a storyboard and shooting scripts as well as how to use the cameras and editing equipment more efficiently. (Our treatment describes our A2 brief in more detail.) I decided I wanted to create a music video, as audio is 50% of the media experience, so teamed up with others who also wanted to make a music video. We then decided on which song we wished to create the video for. We did this by brainstorming ideas (in our creative journals) and then choosing a song that we all liked and the creative ideas we wished to include in the video (type of shots, characters etc). At first we were producing a video for Jackson Five ‘I want you back’ but this proved to be harder than we originally thought and in addition it had already been created. So this is when we decided to change the genre of music from Pop to Indie and chose to create a video for Feeder’s ‘Yesterday went too soon.’ This song has never had a video created for it and therefore our audience would not have any prior expectations of what the video should look like and include. The only major issue we had with creating a pop video for this song is that we coul d not conform to all conventions of a music video; in this case we could not include the band Feeder, as we do not have access to them. We looked at various indie videos before we began to storyboard. This was done to get ideas for our own video and to make sure it fitted in with the genre. There are two things that I believe influenced our film to a great extent, one is a video by Cold Play that uses reversing within the video like we do and the other is not a music video but a film, Sliding Doors. The element we took from this video was what if one minor event did/or didn’t happen how would the story turn out? This creates interest as the audience is left wondering for a while what is going to happen next? What will change? (why might these ‘themes’ be more appropriate for an indie music video?) To organize ourselves, the time we had and the equipment we needed to use; we each decided on roles depending on what our strengths and weaknesses were. Jess was Director, James was Producer, Beth was Camerawoman and I was Location Researcher and Editor. However because we worked as a team these roles were not as defined and we helped each other with the tasks we found difficult. To organize our selves and get the best out of the time we had with the equipment we planned each day thoroughly. We created shooting scripts, storyboards and treatments (all of which are in our appendix) to enable us to get each shot correct virtually first time as in industry we would not have unlimited, free access to the props, actors and equipment. We learnt about scripting, shooting schedules and treatments by looking at other peoples work for inspiration and to see what worked for them. We then adapted what we found out to suit us and created our own video. To create the storyboard we took the best ideas from everyone and the most influential ideas from music videos. (you could say a bit more about specific music videos that you used for inspiration, and also on how you defined the generic conventions of indie music video in particular) The storyboard was created while we listened to the song so that we could match the visuals to the sound. I believe our treatment and storyboard are good as we can understand them and if we were to give them to another group to create I believe they would be able to produce the pop video, as we want it. We developed them by first deciding on the major points we wanted to include and then showing them to our teacher and changing and adapting them accordingly. Section Two – Analysis of finished product Music videos are primarily used to promote the song of a band. (although they can be a bit like adverts, indie music videos in particular are also often trying to reinforce a particular image of the band) The benefit with a music video over say live performance is that it can reach parts of the world that the band may not be able to. Music videos can generally be split into three categories; Narrative videos (ones which tell a story), Performance clip (ones that focus on band performance) and (non)Narrative video (ones that concentrate on the rhythms and moods of the song). We chose to concentrate on a narrative based video as it fits with the genre we had decided upon. (Why?) The genre of our music video is Indie. It was important when making our music video that we best matched the editing of our film with our chosen song. This is to make the video easy and comfortable to watch and to create a professional finish. Typical conventions of this style of music video include a storyline and maybe some band members featuring within the video. (you need to say more about this, and how these elements help to develop an image of the band) We conformed to as many conventions as we could without making the video looking artificial or amateur. We especially conformed to the convention of editing being faster with shorter shots than normal. We did this to keep up with the pace of song and to keep the viewer from getting bored. You read "Creation of a pop video or short film lasting approximately 5 minutes" in category "Papers" To make sure that the video flowed smoothly we used straight cuts most of the time with dissolves and fades where we felt appropriate. (Why?) Indie music does not have the bright upbeat cheer as a pop video does but it is not dark and sinister either so to convey realism we used natural light so that the video doesn’t look like an over dramatic piece of work. Music videos are often playful, experimental and usually about stretching the boundaries of ‘realist(ic)’ style. In a way we have done this by using the rewinding shots and the slowing down of the falling orange juice glass. The narrative of our video is about a guy who has a regular, mundane routine of waking up, getting dressed and going to catch his bus, we look at what would happen should this vicious circle break and as it turns out his life become better because of it (He meets up with the love of his life). This is parallel to the music as the song is of similar content where its lyrics can be interpreted in many ways. For this video to work we needed to capture the audience’s attention to do this we used another convention of music video which is the visual hook. This is where a close up of the band is used to keep the audience’s attention. In our case we used the extreme close up of the guy’s eyes right at the beginning of the video. It goes on longer than a normal video clip would to establish the fact that he had just woken up and so essentially throws the audience right into the video. (Do we see him again? How does this develop image?) A variety of styles ranging from realism to symbolism have been used within our film, for example when the glass breaks. This is a key moment in the video as the glass breaking symbolises the vicious circle of daily routine breaking. This dramatic event is emphasized by the image being slowed down making the audience notice the importance of it. Another example of symbolism is the routine as a whole being shown then re-wound back to be re-shown again, this emphasises the unexciting, everyday life that the guy leads. The ideology of our video is that something so small can change the route in life you take forever; i.e. because of the glass breaking he has met up with his old girlfriend and is now happy. (It is fairly conventional heterosexually romantic – how does this relate to target audience, and the image you are trying to create of the band? How do you want male and female audiences to feel about them? You can cover that in the next section) Section three – Institutions and Audiences Our music video has been created for the mainstream audience and therefore hopefully appeals to most people, however we understand that not everybody likes the indie style of music and therefore will not appeal to all. Our target audience is for young teenagers, but as our song is a ballad we could expect some older listeners. We have tried to aim the video at all genders as the music industry is now strongly supported by both. We have also aimed the video at all social classes but predominantly middle – working class people (that’s quite a diverse range†¦.) as they make up the larger proportion of our population. We have enforced this by not using any obvious branded clothing or objects. We tried to aim the video at all races but did not have access to them to use within our video, so instead tried to produce a video that would not offend anybody. (anyway indie music has a predominately white audience) I believe an independent record company or the band itself wou ld fund the making of this video, as that is how it is generally done in industry. Music videos are created to promote a song and to create awareness of the artist so the best place for them to be seen would be on 24hr music channels like MTV or on music shows like Top of the Pops or CD:UK, by putting the video on these sorts of programs people who are interested in music will purposefully watch them and tell friends about the songs and so forth so that by the time the single comes out everyone knows about them and the band should get good record sales. Our music video reflects generic conventions through the use of narrative and visual hooks. From the movie sliding doors we have taken the theme of something so little can change your life forever and we have shown how it can go either way. We have also taken influence from Cold Play’s recent music video; from this we used the use of rewinding to keep the audience interested. (why is Coldplay a good reference point?) To find out if our video had achieved its aims we asked a focus group to watch the video and then answer some questions on it to see how they would respond to the text. When asked about the genre of this piece the entire group got that it was an indie music video. Therefore fulfilling that part of the requirements. We then asked about more complicated issues like the Ideology of our video. Ours being based on the theory that can something so small change your life forever and if it can is there such a thing called fate? Again everybody understood this with a main answer being ‘How little things can change the fate of a day, love as well,’ and ‘how easily it can be changed.’ To see if our video fitted in with conventions of music videos in general and in particular indie music videos we asked our focus group about them. A major point that came up was the fact music videos usually include the band, which in our case was not possible because we did not have access to them. However on a brighter note our mise-en-scene and lighting was suitable and appropriate for the video and created the realism need to fit in with the conventions of the genre. A key point to making a good pop video is the length of shot and how well the video has been edited. So to see if we had taken these points into enough consideration we asked the focus group about them to see if they matched our own views on various elements in the video. For example the length of the rewinding shots, most people found it got tiring after watching it twice through and so felt that the rewinding shots could have stop at where the orange juice was being poured. Also they felt that they liked the repetitive effect, but it could have been a bit faster, as not to drag on. We next wanted to see if people could see where our influences had come from. Although no one in the focus group figured it out they came up with their own they we felt were just as appropriate. Some of them include the film; Run Lola Run and Craig David’s single 7 Days. Another point we could not agree on as a group was whether or not to have more shots of the girl in the video to establish her character and the focus group it seems had mixed views as well. Some said there should be more of her to enable the viewer to understand the narrative more yet others said that the video worked well just concentrating on the one character, so that issue is left unresolved. In addition to the above problem our group could not decided whether to leave the sound effects (that appeared by accident) or to cut them out so we decided to leave them in and see what our audience thought of them. Most thought that they should have been left out because they didn’t really fit in and I am inclined to agree. (Also they take away the focus from the music) To finish off the feedback session we asked for people’s general opinions on our video. For example whether they liked it or not and why they did or did not like it. Most found the idea interesting and original with a play on the essentially simple narrative. How to cite Creation of a pop video or short film lasting approximately 5 minutes, Papers

Samuel Clemens Essays - Mark Twain, Redding, Connecticut, Lecturers

Samuel Clemens Samuel Clemens was born and grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. This was the home of his later characters Tom Sawer and Huck Finn. In these books he incorporated such features that really existed in Hannibal; features such as Holidays Hill, Bear Creek and Lover's Leap. Clemens described the residents of Hannibal as happy and content with the lives they led in their small town. In his late teens, Clemens left Hannibal on a riverboat to become a printer in St. Louis. He moved up in the ranks of printing and moved to New York and eventually to Washington D.C. Clemens remembered how much fun he had had on the riverboat and how glorious it must have been to be a pilot. He soon decided to move to New Orleans to become a pilot. On the boat, he often heard things like ?Mark the twain, two fathoms deep'. He liked how the words ?Mark Twain? sounded and in one of his first books, ?Life on the Mississippi' about his four years piloting the Spread Eagle along the twisting river, he decided to use the name Mark Twain. Mark Twain stopped piloting the riverboat in 1861, at the start of the Civil War, to join the Union. He went to war for two weeks and left immediately after being involved in the shooting of a civilian. He said he knew retreating better than it's inventor did. He soon decided to travel 1,700 miles from the Missouri Territory , to the Nevada Territory. He passed through Overland City, Horseshoe City, and many large and small cities in between. Clemens commented that Salt Lake City was healthy. He said that the city had one doctor who was arrested once a week for lack of work. Virginia City was very lively from all of the gold and silver found near. He commented that the saloons, courts and prisons were busy and there was a whiskey mill every fifteen steps. Inspired by the vein of silver as wide as a New York City street under Virginia City, Twain decided to go prospecting. Many people went prospecting crazy but Twain thought it must have skipped over him. After not finding any silver, he wrote a book called Roughing It. Clemens soon went to San Francisco and took a job at the San Francisco Times. From them he got the title of ?The Most Wild Humorist of the Pacific Slope?. He wanted to travel, so he boarded a ship to Hawaii, also known as the Sandwich Islands. From there, he traveled around the South Pacific and eventually made his way to Egypt where he was surprised by the large number of American tourists. He called many of them lost tribes of America. Twain soon felt he was in a strange world that had developed so much from his small town of Hannibal. ?My heart is in my own century,? Twain said,?but I wish the twentieth well.? There were other great phrases that he said, such as: ?I was young and foolish and now I'm old and foolish.? Twain churned out quotable phrases like a cigar churns out smoke. Clemens eventually bought a house on Long Island which he named Stormfield and stayed there through his final days. Samuel Clemens was born in 1835, the night of the Haley's Comet. He always said that he thought he would go out with the comet just as he came in with it. Well, he got his wish ; Clemens died in 1910 at age seventy five, the night of the Haley's Comet.